{"id":5116,"date":"2021-09-19T06:12:30","date_gmt":"2021-09-19T06:12:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/?page_id=5116"},"modified":"2022-03-17T06:13:13","modified_gmt":"2022-03-17T06:13:13","slug":"how-to-solve-issues-in-convergent-and-discriminant-validity","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/basic-and-advance-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/how-to-solve-issues-in-convergent-and-discriminant-validity\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Solve Convergent and Discriminant Validity Issues"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5116\" class=\"elementor elementor-5116\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-zxjtg60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"zxjtg60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-80293b9\" data-id=\"80293b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de8583b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"de8583b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How to Solve Convergent and Discriminant Validity Issues<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ts3f62 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ts3f62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-85b149e\" data-id=\"85b149e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1cecd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f1cecd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Addressing Convergent and Discriminant Validity Issues<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-39c4fce\" data-id=\"39c4fce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dba6bdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dba6bdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>How to Solve Convergent and Discriminant Validity Issues? Learn to Solve the common issues faced in establishing convergent and discriminant validity. The tutorial along with the video will guide the researcher to solve the problems related to establishing convergent and discriminant validity. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0719454 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0719454\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-397b4f2\" data-id=\"397b4f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94cb76d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"94cb76d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Before Collection the Data<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-092b4da\" data-id=\"092b4da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7fb024 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d7fb024\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Make sure to have adequate No. of Items in each scale\/construct.<\/li><li>There should be at least 4-6 items, since, in SEM items are deleted if they fail to load or due to cross-loading.<\/li><li>Make sure that the Items\/Statements are easy to understand.<\/li><li>Make sure there is no overlap in the statements of different constructs.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-967350e elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"967350e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4fba778\" data-id=\"4fba778\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43e1828 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"43e1828\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recommendation to Solve Convergent and Discriminant Validity Issues<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a753dee\" data-id=\"a753dee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8dce8e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8dce8e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Check for item factor loading, if item loading is too low and removing the items can substantially improve the convergent validity, remove the item.<\/li><li>If discriminant validity issues persist, no option may exist but to combine constructs into one overall measure, where correlations in the region of 0.8 to 0.9 are regularly reported in the literature between dimensions that are <br \/>theoretically distinct. In such cases, researchers can collapse measures into a single construct, rather than conduct dimension-by-dimension analysis.<\/li><li>If none of the methods presented address the issue, a researcher may have to collect additional data to determine if discriminant validity or multicollinearity issues are a result of sampling flukes.<\/li><li>If problems still persist, dropping one (or more) independent variables (i.e., collinear variables that demonstrate insufficient discriminant validity) from the model may also help.<\/li><li>Check for Cross-loading, if an item is cross-loading, and the difference is less than .10, REMOVE the item(s).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5a7a491 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5a7a491\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8bd58f7\" data-id=\"8bd58f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15a2a43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"15a2a43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Video: Practical Examples on How to Improve Convergent and Discriminant Validity<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7e90a2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7e90a2d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3cf26bf\" data-id=\"3cf26bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53d8060 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"53d8060\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/Vvu1Sntf6fc&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dbfdfe3\" data-id=\"dbfdfe3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af18be8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"af18be8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/cFwczuJPmss&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bf60965 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bf60965\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-449e44a\" data-id=\"449e44a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebafc68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ebafc68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Additional SmartPLS Resources<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-263b793d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"263b793d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3124d627\" data-id=\"3124d627\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a4b15dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-ccchildpages_widget\" data-id=\"4a4b15dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-ccchildpages_widget.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li class=\"page_item page-item-2953 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/basic-and-advance-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/how-to-start-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/\" class=\"menu-link\">How to Start Data Analysis using SMART-PLS<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-3025 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/basic-and-advance-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/understanding-convergent-and-discriminant-validity-using-smart-pls\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Understanding Convergent and Discriminant Validity using SMART-PLS<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-3068 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/basic-and-advance-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/reporting-measurement-and-structural-model-in-smart-pls\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Reporting Measurement and Structural Model in SMART-PLS<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-3102 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/basic-and-advance-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/understanding-r-square-f-square-and-q-square-using-smart-pls\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Understanding R Square, F Square, and Q Square using SMART-PLS<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-3128 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/basic-and-advance-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/moderation-analysis-interpretation-and-reporting-using-smart-pls\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Moderation Analysis, Interpretation, and Reporting using SMART-PLS<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-3152 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/basic-and-advance-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/moderation-analysis-with-categorical-variables-using-smart-pls\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Moderation Analysis with Categorical Variables using SMART-PLS<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-3205 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/basic-and-advance-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/mediation-analysis-interpretation-and-reporting-using-smart-pls\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Mediation Analysis, Interpretation, and Reporting using SMART-PLS<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-3267 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/basic-and-advance-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/categorical-predictor-variable-using-smart-pls\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Categorical Predictor Variable using SMART-PLS<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-3309 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/basic-and-advance-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/concept-of-higher-order-constructs-in-pls-sem\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Concept of Higher-Order Constructs in PLS-SEM<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-3356 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/basic-and-advance-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/reflective-vs-formative-indicators-the-concept-and-differences\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Reflective Vs Formative Indicators: The Concept and Differences<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-3397 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/basic-and-advance-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/validating-formative-indicators-using-smart-pls\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Validating Formative Indicators using SMART-PLS<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-3423 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/basic-and-advance-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/reflective-formative-higher-order-construct-using-smart-pls\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Reflective-Formative Higher-Order Construct using SMART-PLS<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-3458 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/basic-and-advance-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/reflective-reflective-higher-order-construct-using-smart-pls\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Reflective-Reflective Higher-Order Construct using SMART-PLS<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-3515 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/basic-and-advance-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/how-to-structure-format-and-report-smart-pls-sem-results\/\" class=\"menu-link\">How to Structure, Format, and Report SMART PLS-SEM Results<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-5446 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/basic-and-advance-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/complex-higher-order-model-using-smartpls\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Complex Higher-Order Model using SmartPLS<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-6872 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/basic-and-advance-data-analysis-using-smart-pls\/analyzing-formative-formative-higher-order-construct-in-smartpls\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Analyzing Formative-Formative Higher-Order Construct in SmartPLS<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How to Solve Convergent and Discriminant Validity Issues Addressing Convergent and Discriminant Validity Issues How to Solve Convergent and Discriminant Validity Issues? Learn to Solve the common issues faced in establishing convergent and discriminant validity. The tutorial along with the video will guide the researcher to solve the problems related to establishing convergent and discriminant [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2939,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"enabled","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5116","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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