{"id":9448,"date":"2022-09-24T04:01:43","date_gmt":"2022-09-24T04:01:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/?page_id=9448"},"modified":"2023-12-25T14:59:59","modified_gmt":"2023-12-25T14:59:59","slug":"how-to-assess-discriminant-validity","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/how-to-assess-discriminant-validity\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Assess Discriminant Validity (Construct validity)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"9448\" class=\"elementor elementor-9448\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-zdcnbl2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"zdcnbl2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4acc06\" data-id=\"d4acc06\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bee4950 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bee4950\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How to Assess Discriminant Validity?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58d3883 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58d3883\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Learn to establish discriminant validity using Fornell &amp; Larcker Criterion, Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio, and Cross-Loadings<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-85jp2mz elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"85jp2mz\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b10226\" data-id=\"2b10226\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc6092a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fc6092a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/SmartPLS4-How-to-Assess-Discriminant-Validity.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9452\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/SmartPLS4-How-to-Assess-Discriminant-Validity.png 1280w, https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/SmartPLS4-How-to-Assess-Discriminant-Validity-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/SmartPLS4-How-to-Assess-Discriminant-Validity-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/SmartPLS4-How-to-Assess-Discriminant-Validity-768x432.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1e8e919\" data-id=\"1e8e919\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-755d715 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"755d715\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How to Assess Discriminant Validity?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da54622 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"da54622\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3Cpolygon points=&#039;9.4,2 24,2 14.6,21.6 0,21.6&#039;\/%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf39eb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf39eb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For Complete Step by Step SmartPLS4 Tutorial Playlist, Click <a href=\"https:\/\/youtube.com\/playlist?list=PLb7vm6tsQ3Kv4YWhYNkP7DizqOjT7ubSX\">Here<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-i4g5bh7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"i4g5bh7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c927f23\" data-id=\"c927f23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf8264c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf8264c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Understanding  Discriminant Validity.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-61ca281\" data-id=\"61ca281\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-338057a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"338057a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This session discusses in detail the concept and assessment of Discriminant Validity using SmartPLS 4. The statistic is assessed as part of the measurement model. Discriminant validity is assessed using the following techniques<\/p><ul><li>Fornell &amp; Larcker Criterion<\/li><li>Heterotrait Monotrait Ratio<\/li><li>Cross Loadings<\/li><\/ul><p>Most often, the constructs are reflective at lower level. Hence, all the lower order constructs in the study are assessed for reliability and validity. The following figure highlights the steps in measurement model assessment.In the <a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/how-to-assess-convergent-validity\/\">last session<\/a> we discussed how to assess Step 3 (Convergent Validity). In this tutorial, the focus is on convergent validity (Step 3).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb81202 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eb81202\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"647\" height=\"491\" src=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Steps-in-Measurement-Model-Assessment-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9413\" alt=\"Steps in Measurement Model Assessment\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Steps-in-Measurement-Model-Assessment-1.png 647w, https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Steps-in-Measurement-Model-Assessment-1-300x228.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 647px) 100vw, 647px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cebf62c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cebf62c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fc9f6b0\" data-id=\"fc9f6b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90dc776 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"90dc776\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is Discriminant Validity?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1286340\" data-id=\"1286340\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157e227 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"157e227\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The fourth step is to assess discriminant validity. This metric measures the extent to which a construct is empirically distinct from other constructs in the structural model. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1942223 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1942223\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1129518\" data-id=\"1129518\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d291e0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d291e0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How to Establish Discriminant Validity?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-860d84e\" data-id=\"860d84e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-694dabd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"694dabd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To measure discriminant validity, there are three techniques<\/p><ul><li>Fornell &amp; Larcker Criterion<\/li><li>Heterotrait Monotrait Ratio<\/li><li>Cross Loadings<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fc7ae7f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fc7ae7f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71e2a29\" data-id=\"71e2a29\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73dc34f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73dc34f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fornell and Larcker Criterion<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b54940c\" data-id=\"b54940c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3179b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3179b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fornell and Larcker (1981) proposed the traditional metric and suggested that each construct\u2019s Square root of AVE (squared variance within) should be compared to the inter-construct correlation (as a measure of shared variance between constructs) of that same construct and all other reflectively measured constructs in the structural model \u2013 the shared variance between all model constructs should not be larger than their AVEs. Hence, a higher square root of AVE of a construct when compared to the correlation of that construct with all the other constructs in the study establishes discriminant validity. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc7b1ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc7b1ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e674ce\" data-id=\"6e674ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93af423 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"93af423\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) Ratio<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9a2885c\" data-id=\"9a2885c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a156b27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a156b27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As a better alternative, we recommend the heterotrait\u2013monotrait ratio (HTMT) of correlations (Henseler et al., 2015) to assess discriminant validity. The HTMT is defined as the mean value of the indicator correlations across constructs (i.e., the heterotrait\u2013heteromethod correlations) relative to the (geometric) mean of the average correlations for the indicators measuring the same construct (i.e., the monotrait\u2013heteromethod correlations). <br \/>Discriminant validity problems are present when HTMT values are high. Henseler et al. (2015) propose a threshold value of 0.90 for structural models with constructs that are conceptually very similar. When constructs are conceptually more distinct, a lower, more conservative, threshold value is suggested, such as 0.85 (Henseler et al., 2015).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c189530 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c189530\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-429f6be\" data-id=\"429f6be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-048f939 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"048f939\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cross-Loadings<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d381aaf\" data-id=\"d381aaf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9692e6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9692e6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Based on the cross-loadings that presents the loadings for each item under all the constructs in the study. The loadings show the loadings of the item under its underlying construct, and what if the item was to load with the other constructs in the study. An item in a construct shall load substantially well onto its own underlying (parent) construct instead of the other constructs in the study.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6107b3f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6107b3f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-aebb55f\" data-id=\"aebb55f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54185a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"54185a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reference<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2417e7\" data-id=\"a2417e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-206ba09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"206ba09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"gs_citr\" tabindex=\"0\">Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., &amp; Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook.<\/div><div tabindex=\"0\">\u00a0<\/div><div tabindex=\"0\">To Download the Book, Click <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-3-030-80519-7\">Here<\/a><\/div><div tabindex=\"0\">\u00a0<\/div><div tabindex=\"0\">This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International<br \/>License (<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/<\/a>)<\/div><div tabindex=\"0\">\u00a0<\/div><div tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"gs_citr\" tabindex=\"0\">Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., &amp; Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. <i>Journal of the academy of marketing science<\/i>, <i>43<\/i>(1), 115-135.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-db7340d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"db7340d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5a6a379\" data-id=\"5a6a379\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561756f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"561756f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Video<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04f9b2\" data-id=\"e04f9b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5557aa8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"5557aa8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/O2Jxm-ibQO8&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1e2af390 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1e2af390\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3b89546\" data-id=\"3b89546\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e3db7ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3e3db7ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Additional SmartPLS 4 Tutorials<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-16b92ecc\" data-id=\"16b92ecc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30047c2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-ccchildpages_widget\" data-id=\"30047c2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-ccchildpages_widget.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li class=\"page_item page-item-9299 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/a-basic-and-simple-model-in-smartpls4\/\" class=\"menu-link\">A Basic and Simple Model in SmartPLS4<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-9370 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/convergent-and-discriminant-validity\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Basic SEM Concepts &#8211; Convergent and Discriminant Validity<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-9337 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/structural-equation-modelling-concepts\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Basic Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) Concepts<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-9543 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/categorical-moderation-analysis-using-seminr\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Categorical Moderation Analysis using SEMinR<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-9403 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/how-to-assess-construct-reliability\/\" class=\"menu-link\">How to Assess Construct Reliability?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-9428 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/how-to-assess-convergent-validity\/\" class=\"menu-link\">How to Assess Convergent Validity (Construct validity)<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-9672 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/reflective-reflective-higher-order-construct\/\" class=\"menu-link\">How to Assess Reflective-Reflective Higher Order Construct<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-9490 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/how-to-design-a-measurement-model\/\" class=\"menu-link\">How to Design a Measurement Model?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-9029 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/how-to-enter-data-in-spss-or-excel\/\" class=\"menu-link\">How to Enter Data in SPSS or Excel<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-9462 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/how-to-solve-discriminant-validity-issues\/\" class=\"menu-link\">How to Solve Discriminant Validity Issues<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-12181 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/how-to-use-necessary-condition-analysis-in-smartpls4\/\" class=\"menu-link\">How to Use Necessary Condition Analysis in SmartPLS4?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-9634 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/reflecrtive-formarive-model-using-smartpls4\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Reflective-Formative Higher-Order Model using SmartPLS4<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-9800 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/simple-structural-model-in-smartpls4\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Simple Structural Model in SmartPLS4<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-8989 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/smartpls4-tutorials-series-introduction\/\" class=\"menu-link\">SmartPLS4 Tutorials Series Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-8950 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/steps-in-data-analsis\/\" class=\"menu-link\">Steps in Data Analysis<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-9597 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researchwithfawad.com\/index.php\/lp-courses\/smartpls4-tutorial-series\/what-is-a-formative-construct\/\" class=\"menu-link\">What is a Formative Construct?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How to Assess Discriminant Validity? Learn to establish discriminant validity using Fornell &amp; Larcker Criterion, Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio, and Cross-Loadings How to Assess Discriminant Validity? For Complete Step by Step SmartPLS4 Tutorial Playlist, Click Here Understanding Discriminant Validity. This session discusses in detail the concept and assessment of Discriminant Validity using SmartPLS 4. The statistic is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":8833,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"enabled","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9448","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - 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