Understanding R Square, F Square, and Q Square using SMART-PLS
R-Square
- R Square statistics explains the variance in the endogenous variable explained by the exogenous variable(s).
- For example, a variable Y influenced by X1, X2, and X3 has a R-Square value of 0.623. This would mean that 62.3% change in Y can be explained by X1, X2, X3.
- In order to make it easier to interpret, look for the arrows that are pointing towards the dependent (endogenous) variable.
- Falk and Miller (1992) recommended that R2 values should be equal to or greater than 0.10 in order for the variance explained of a particular endogenous construct to be deemed adequate.
- Cohen (1988) suggested R2 values for endogenous latent variables are assessed as follows: 0.26 (substantial), 0.13 (moderate), 0.02 (weak).
- Chin (1998) recommended R2 values for endogenous latent variables based on: 0.67 (substantial), 0.33 (moderate), 0.19 (weak).
- Hair et al. (2011) & Hair et al. (2013) suggested in scholarly research that focuses on marketing issues, R2 values of 0.75, 0.50, or 0.25 for endogenous latent variables can, as a rough rule of thumb, be respectively described as substantial, moderate or weak.
F-Square
- A variable in a structural model may be affected/influenced by a number of different variables.
- Removing an exogenous variable can affect the dependent variable.
- F-Square is the change in R-Square when an exogenous variable is removed from the model.
- f-square is effect size (>=0.02 is small; >= 0.15 is medium;>= 0.35 is large) (Cohen, 1988).
Q-Square
- Q-square is predictive relevance, measures whether a model has predictive relevance or not (> 0 is good).
- Further, Q2 establishes the predictive relevance of the endogenous constructs.
- Q-square values above zero indicate that your values are well reconstructed and that the model has predictive relevance.
- A Q2 above 0 shows that the model has predictive relevance.
- In order to find out the Q Square value, Run Blindfolding procedure in SMART-PLS.
References
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd Ed.). New York: Routledge.
- Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336.
- Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. University of Akron Press.
- Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152.
- Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling: Rigorous applications, better results and higher acceptance. Long range planning, 46(1-2), 1-12.
Watch the Video Tutorial for further Detail
Other SmartPLS Tutorials
- How to Start Data Analysis using SMART-PLS
- Understanding Convergent and Discriminant Validity using SMART-PLS
- Reporting Measurement and Structural Model in SMART-PLS
- Moderation Analysis, Interpretation, and Reporting using SMART-PLS
- Moderation Analysis with Categorical Variables using SMART-PLS
- Mediation Analysis, Interpretation, and Reporting using SMART-PLS
- Categorical Predictor Variable using SMART-PLS
- Concept of Higher-Order Constructs in PLS-SEM
- Reflective Vs Formative Indicators: The Concept and Differences
- Validating Formative Indicators using SMART-PLS
- Reflective-Formative Higher-Order Construct using SMART-PLS
- Reflective-Reflective Higher-Order Construct using SMART-PLS
- How to Structure, Format, and Report SMART PLS-SEM Results
- How to Solve Convergent and Discriminant Validity Issues
- Complex Higher-Order Model using SmartPLS
- Analyzing Formative-Formative Higher-Order Construct in SmartPLS