Hayes Process Macro - Model 4 - Mediation Analysis

Hayes Process Macro - Model 4 - Simple Mediation

Hayes Process Model - Lecture Series

The tutorial will guide on Model 4 of the Hayes Process Macro for Mediation Analysis.

Introduction

  • Up to this point, we have focused on how to perform moderation analysis using the Process Macro.
  • Let’s now examine how the influence between two constructs may take an indirect path through a third variable called a mediator.
  • In these situations, the third variable will intervene on the influence of the two constructs (Hair et al. 2009).
  • In testing if “mediation” or the presence of a mediator in a model, you need to understand some of the terminology that is used, such as direct effect, indirect effect, and total effects.

  • A direct effect is simply a direct relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable in presence of the Mediator (c’).

  • An indirect effect is the relationship that flows from an independent variable to a mediator and then to a dependent variable (a*b).

  • The term total effect is the combined influence of the direct effect between two constructs and the indirect effect flowing through the mediator (c = c’ + a*b).

  • c in the relationship between X and Y is the total effect.

Example

  • We want to examine if the construct of Culture has an indirect effect through Commitment on the construct of Organizational Performance.

Conceptual and Statistical Diagram

  • Example Variables: 1 predictor X, 1 Mediator M, and 1 Outcome Y
  • The variables are continuous

How to Run

  • Step 1: Analyze -> Regression -> Process v4.0 by Andrew F. Hayes

  • Step 2: Put in the Required Variables. In this case,
    • Y Variable (Dependent Variable) is OP
    • X Variable (Independent Variable) is Culture
    • Mediator is Commitment
    • Model Number is 4
 
  • Step 3: Select Option Button, and Choose the options as shown in the figure below ()
    • Select Show total effect model (only models 4,6,70,81, 82), this is to generate total effect estimates.
    • For Standardized effect, select Standardized effects (mediation-only models).
    • Press Continue
 

Output Interpretation - Basic Summary

  • Description of Model along with the different variables where Y is Dependent Variable, X is Independent Variable, and M is the Mediating Variable.

Output Interpretation - Model Summary

  • Model Summary, provides summary of the model with R, R-Sq, F Statistics, and P value for the overall model.
  • Next, is the coefficients, with impact of Culture on Commitment
  • Culture has a significant impact on Commitment. This is path a.

 

Output Interpretation - Outcome and Total Effect Model

  • Following figure shows the antecedent for the outcome of OP
 
  • Culture has a significant impact on OP (b = 0.2917, t = 5.5426, p < 0.001). Here this is Direct effect (c’).
  • Commitment was also found to have a significant impact on OP (b = 0.4530, t = 8.5392, p < 0.001). This is path b.
  • Next, total effect is presented.
  • Indirect Effect is calculated by multiplying a and b. Indirect effect = a (0.6041) * b (0.4531) = 0.2736
  • Direct Effect = 0.2917, this is the effect of Culture on Performance in presence of the mediator (c’)
  • Total effect is the sum of direct and indirect effect. Total Effect = 0.5653

Output Interpretation - Type and Form of Mediation

  • Is there a Mediation: Yes

–Indirect Effect is Significant.

  • Is it Full or Partial

–Partial, Since both Total and Direct Effects are Significant.

  • Is it Complementary or Competitive
  • a*b*c’ (If Positive: Complimentary)
  • a*b*c’ (If Negative: Competitive)
  • Complimentary. The Sign of Direct and Indirect Effect is same.

How to Interpret Hayes Process Output - Reporting Mediation Analysis

Mediation Analysis

H1: Commitment mediates the relationship between Collaborative Culture and Organizational Performance

The study assessed the mediating role of Commitment on the relationship between Collaborative Culture and Organizational Performance. The results revealed a significant indirect effect of impact of Collaborative Culture on organizational performance (b= 0.273, t = 5.583), supporting H1. Furthermore, the direct effect of collaborative culture on organizational performance in presence of the mediator was also found significant (b = 0.291, p < 0.001). Hence, commitment partially mediated the relationship between collaborative culture and organizational performance. Mediation analysis summary is presented in Table 1.

 

Video Tutorial

Additional Hayes Process Macro Tutorials